Here’s a story: Some time ago, I was minding my own business at the office, when one of the teachers trotted over and very carefully picked off several dandelion bits from my clothes. I quipped, “Thanks, mom.” But that turned out to be a mistake, because I had to spend the next five minutes trying to explain to confused Japanese staff why I had just called another man my mother. Lesson learned—Humor’s hard to translate.
But on the other hand, it’s pretty fascinating that facial expressions are nearly universal. We may not agree on what constitutes a joke, but a laugh is a laugh is a laugh. Same with crying, or expressing disgust. It’s amazing that these things are coded so deeply in our DNA that we don’t even have to think about them.
Well, most of the time. There are some expressions I find absolutely baffling. See above. And below.
Just what is this face? According to Paul Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System, it’s kind of like some variation on the Outer Brow Raiser combined with a Lip Corner Puller. In other words, furrowed eyebrows with a smile. And I think the eyes have to be open, too, otherwise it looks like an evil smile, which it really isn’t.
After watching anime after anime where this face appears, I’m now able to parse it as meaning something like, “lighthearted, yet halfway or possibly all-the-way serious about the subject at hand.” Also kind of impish and curious, if that makes sense… So we can explain what the seriousmile signifies, sort of.
But could you make that face yourself? Go ahead, give it a try. Remember, no evil smiles.
You might recall the time I wrote about emotional recognition, the autistic spectrum and emotions in anime. I think this is something like that, or it might even be a strange new evolution of the concept. Anime and manga, by their nature, are already divorced from many physical realities (like bad skin, or cottage cheese thighs). But is it possible that now we’re even trained to empathize with expressions that don’t exist on real human beings?
Well, since we’re on the right thought-train, consider how many people get turned on by ahegao.
I don’t think this development is necessarily bad. As consumers of art, maybe we need these markers of emotional complexity in a medium where fully human expression can be kind of difficult. Or I could just be kidding myself. But in a genre so well-known for its unreality, it’s interesting to take note of the times when that unreality is surprisingly subtle.




August 30, 2010 at 9:23 am
A picture says 1000 words right?
I have to say that these silly and exaggerated expressions are one the core reasons that I am drawn to anime as a medium(the other main reason being the bright and contrasting colors). In a way having things jump out at you like this makes it more real than real, if you understand what I mean. It’s real life, just more condensed.
Oh, and I felt silly and cute trying to mimic Saten’s face. Funny, since I’m a 29-year-old man.
August 31, 2010 at 11:12 am
Mmhmm, I totally get you. We can’t really make the face in a literal sense, but it speaks to an emotion we do experience and recognize. Excellent point.
I’m not judging. Everybody needs to feel cute sometimes.
August 30, 2010 at 9:39 am
In my opinion, those faces in most cases are shown on a character when they are feeling determined, and confident. I call this ‘determined confidence’. Depending on the seriousness and/or awesomeness of the situation they will either be smiling or not.
What’s more fascinating to me is how anime characters can have faces that’re so easy to read to us viewers, yet the characters interacting with he/she remain oblivious to what he or she might be thinking. Kind of like what’s going on in the last panel of your last picture.
August 30, 2010 at 11:20 pm
I agree it’s a determined expression. The top one looks like she’s ready to GO for it, and she’s more than happy to do so. Of course, I have no context, so maybe she’s determined to TAKE that order.
Damn skippy, waitress.
August 31, 2010 at 11:17 am
Oooh… Never seen Toradora? You’re missing out, friend.
August 31, 2010 at 11:15 am
Determinedness… Yes, I think you may be right. Especially since, in my recollection, this facial expression is often accompanied by the affirmative “Mm!” noise that these kinds of characters make so often.
As for your second point: Narrative conceit, perhaps? Kind of like how manga characters can mumble stuff in small text and have it go completely unnoticed.
August 30, 2010 at 9:55 am
Now that you’ve mentioned it, this face seems to be everywhere. Yui from K-On! comes to mind especially. Anyways, there are several expressions with “obvious” implications, but that actually would never work in real life. Serious moe smile, ahego, >.<, @_@ … etc. It makes you to wonder how the artist first came up with those expressions and how they eventually took on the meaning they now have. :3
August 31, 2010 at 11:19 am
The cat-face makes some sense, given the culture built around cats and mischief. But yes, those others… I’m willing to bet some of these expressions have an ancient pedigree, though. Like the threatening bancho-face, which I’m 90% sure I saw on depictions of oni somewhere.
August 30, 2010 at 10:03 am
I do that Saten face all the time. It’s usually when I’m thinking of something really funny/perverted (or both) that I try hard to suppress a big, stupid smile from coming out. It kinda gives off the reverse effect to other people, I guess?
August 31, 2010 at 11:21 am
Where I come from, we call that a “frile.” It’s a bit different from what I’m thinking.
But hey, you can do the face! That’s an achievement.
August 30, 2010 at 10:11 am
I think the expression in the first two pictures (toradora, railgun) is most likely to mean something like “determination”. From what I’ve seen so far, it usually comes up when a plan is hatched, a vow is made, an “alright, I’ gonna do it!” action thing. Hell, the first picture even has the fistbump added. Of course, this expression is only applicable to a certain range of characters, as you won’t see it on any seriously evil (or seriously serious) characters on the one hand, or too docile characters on the other. The character for whom that expression -works- is generally on the lighthearted side, but with enough mischief in them to pull off a smirk.
I haven’t watched any Haruhi in ages, but somehow I remember this as basically her default expression..
It IS fascinating that facial expressions are (somewhat) universal(ish). Talking about the “3D-world” now, it would be more surprising if it wasn’t universal (because most human beings can access their facial muscles in a similar way). The exception I made is because of course while the generalities are the same, the finer points of recognition are dependant on cultural context and character. Like you said, the question of “what is funny” may differ from culture to culture, but the face for “oh, that WAS funny” may be the same.
“As consumers of art, maybe we need these markers of emotional complexity in a medium where fully human expression can be kind of difficult.”
It’s not so much that we “need” them (your interesting theory about autistic recognition deficiencies nonwithstanding), it can also have another, rather mundane explanation; in a medium where the author has the space of 20 pages for a manga (or 20 minutes for an episode) he can put in those exaggerated standart-faces as a ‘timesaving’ device, so we instantly know the characters emotional state without having to spend time with inner monologue etc. And standart-faces they are, as an experiment I looked up some new released manga raws and tried to guess the basic storyline from just the faces etc. alone (me no speak japanese); checking back later when they were translated, I found that I was mostly right. After 10+ years of consuming anime/manga, you’ve pretty much picked up on what’s happening in a given situation. As diverse as the stories in anime are, the way they’re told is remarkably similar. While that may sometimes feel cheap and derivative, that’s the established framework you gotta deal with, as it is, for better or worse, one that makes anime uniquely ‘anime’ (instead of western).
August 31, 2010 at 11:23 am
I want to go a bit further and suggest that Haruhi’s the reason the face is as prevalent as it is today. But, as always, I have very little to back that up but the certainty that I must be right.
Ooh, now this is an idea I can really sink my teeth into… The defining feature of anime/manga being stock forms and economy of expression? Interesting, VERY interesting! Thank you!
August 30, 2010 at 10:50 am
Oh I remember seeing that Saten face irl (well…close to). In ramen store my senior was staring at the ‘air’ with that look while talking about a movie she’d want to make if she was a director. I was like ‘ok she’s in her own dreamland…better finish off all the dim sums quick!”
August 31, 2010 at 11:26 am
Mmmm, I love dim sum.
You did the right thing.
But you know, I think this moment captures what the seriousmile really means. Thanks for sharing.
August 30, 2010 at 12:39 pm
“In my opinion, those faces in most cases are shown on a character when they are feeling determined, and confident. I call this ‘determined confidence’.”
That might be the closest to how I feel about the face, since to me it comes off as if the character’s saying “Come on! Try me! Say that what I feel is wrong!” as some sort of subtle challenge. But it’s not necessarily as serious as that, which is where your idea of lightheartedness comes from. But we can at least tell that whoever makes that face is happy.
That reminds me that one of my favorite faces made in anime-styled drawings is that of furious rage (anger, tears, and gritted teeth). As in a “I seriously wish I could kill you” sort of way. Something like this, but even more so.
August 31, 2010 at 11:31 am
Hey, I think I remember seeing this face when Nanoha hit Vita with a Starlight Breaker and knocked off her hat. I do love that crazy-with-rage expression, now that you mention it.
It’s hard, the seriousmile expression. It’s like a Ben & Jerry’s ice cream flavor, all layered and mixed up and hard to say exactly what’s what… But it’s delish.
September 1, 2010 at 9:14 pm
I forgot that that type of rage face is usually accompanied by trembling (barely holding back losing it), when I think about it. I enjoy it more so when it’s used in a comedic way, I think.
August 30, 2010 at 12:53 pm
This is amusing. I have a few friends/family who I’ve seen make a similar face, although less intense since manga-style does accentuate the expressions. It’s not exactly the same, but at a glance, or with relaxed vision, I think you can see the expression there.
It also help when some girls shape/pluck their eyebrows, so when they make expressions those brows are sharp!
That last one is pretty complex though. I’ve never see that in reality, but I’d really like to ^_^ … hm, maybe I could search my memories for flustered girl moments, might be something in there.
August 31, 2010 at 11:34 am
Hmm. You know, you’re right. Never discount the power of a good pluck.
I’ve seen some fangirls doing their fangirl thing, and it gets close to the last image. But it’s… not quite as appealing. You know?
August 31, 2010 at 3:11 pm
Definitely not as appealing, but I think with certain people we come to love their expressions, especially the more rare flustered omgash looks XD
August 30, 2010 at 2:04 pm
Tosh’s Menkui? Ah, a connoisseur.
This seems to be pretty hard to replicate, much like drawing a circle with one hand and a square with the other at the same time.
August 31, 2010 at 11:40 am
Aren’t we all?
Tosh draws really appealing women. It’s hard to say what it is, except that they’re very cute and look… soft, which must be the worst way possible to put it.
September 2, 2010 at 2:57 pm
I prefer “the squishy hyperreal”. It’s a style that uses lighting and slightly (only slightly!) exaggerated anatomical features to good use, with NiseMIDIdoronokai as another example of this, I think. Oh, and Koume Keito.
August 30, 2010 at 2:09 pm
I think of this expression as “fired up”. It’s doable, when I think of doing something I enjoy and am proficient at.
August 31, 2010 at 11:41 am
Fired up is good too. The characters who make this face certainly aren’t lacking for energy.
Okay, so maybe I was wrong and people can do this face after all. But I demand photographic evidence!
August 30, 2010 at 3:47 pm
Interesting…now that I think about it, I see that face all the time, not thinking that real people can’t make it. Of course, we already know that we can’t make the exaggerated “cartoony” anime faces, but this one appears to be realistic. It’s strange to know that it’s not.
August 31, 2010 at 11:43 am
Can’t stop you from trying. I think I’ve started some kind of movement.
August 30, 2010 at 5:01 pm
I’ve spent 10 minutes in front of a mirror with no luck! I came out looking like a huge pervert (not even an evil smile!). Maybe if I had a cuter face.
From a design perspective, maybe the eyebrows are acting as a second smile. Just curve the eyebrows a bit, connect them, and TA-DA!! Though, I’ve honestly never seen a female anime character with a uni-brow…
August 31, 2010 at 11:44 am
This made me laugh.
Well, thank you for trying!
For some hot unibrow action, you should watch episode three of To Aru Kagaku no Railgun.
August 30, 2010 at 5:40 pm
As an art student doing life drawing I’d actually heard quite a bit about this subject. The main focus in drawing from life is to draw what you actually see, and not what you think you see or what you think looks right on the page. For facial expressions this means reigning in the features to their physical limits. A difficult prospect considering not only the abundance of exaggerated expressions in animation and comics, but also in such venerated fine arts as painting. These visual media have suffused us with a knowledge of the face that doesn’t track with reality, and expressions that could never exist. Some artists have suffered for this, as their portraits seem almost otherworldly and unsettling for the odd expression, but when it’s accepted these impossible faces are almost a kind of literal magical realism.
August 31, 2010 at 12:09 pm
Hmm, now this is interesting. I’ve heard this from some other artist friends too, that you need a solid foundation in life drawing before you can move into the crazy stuff (best example being Picasso’s early work versus later).
But the interesting thing about anime-themed artists is that they’re often self-trained, or trained within an informal system that doesn’t do the formal art training thing. Anime style is even shunned in some western schools. So I wonder what that means for these expressions.
August 30, 2010 at 5:49 pm
I’ve always hated ahegao, but I get what you’re talking about. I guess this is similar to the appeal of SD art? Those little chibi scenes in manga and visual novels are usually just for comic relief, but sometimes they can be cute and endearing. In some cases, it’s not just the expression that matters, but also the implications of said expression. Even if an expression doesn’t exist in reality, if we know that a certain expression on a 2D character implies a specific reaction or emotion, it’s easy to understand why we would react to it. Hope that made sense.
On an unrelated note, that picture of Saten would make a perfect reaction image.
August 31, 2010 at 12:13 pm
I’ve heard sometimes from manga advocates that it’s the emotion that draws them in and makes them feel like they’re reading something different from the standard fare. Which leads to the question– where is all this emotion they see? So I think you may be right.
August 30, 2010 at 6:12 pm
Hmm, at the risk of sounding like a troll, this is why I dislike moe (blob) animation; the more definition the better! don’t get me wrong, I love the use of chibi faces in my (rom-)com shows, but only when it’s used sparingly, in order to complement the rest of the emotional and stylistic goings-on. However, I accept that this that is all about presonal preferences and thus this is all subjective. I’m also probably going off on a tangent, so…
In terms of the feeling of bafflement, especially at pic no. 2, in short I’d agree. I mean, the first one just looked ‘cute and determined’ to me, before even reading the others’ comments, whereas the other two don’t make much sense to me, especially the last one; it just looks like a pleasant smiling face with the wrong eyebrows, whereas the middle pic just looks like she’s constipated/ embarassed/ about to burst out laughing.
Whatever this particular facial arrangement is called, is it a fairly new one? As much as I enjoy them now, I found chibi faces pretty alien at first, but sinmply became used to them in time. So maybe this baffling face will go a down a similar route…
Oh, and I tried, and failed to do the face in the mirror too. I kept giggling too much to do it properly.
August 31, 2010 at 10:01 am
Off the top of my head, it’s been around at least since Ken Akamatsu was doing Love Hina. BUT Akamatsu used it pretty uniformly as a sort of “angry moe embarassment” face. This seems like an evolution, if anything.
I’m glad so many of you are trying.
August 30, 2010 at 9:03 pm
Should be noted: none of those characters pictured above really have a nose. That may be one reason why the expression looks so weird.
I also see it as a determined IKUZO! type face. Though it could just be something as simple as being excited.
I’m fairly confident I can make it too. Though that could be my naturally curved inward eyebrows that always make me look like I’m hatching an evil plot.
August 31, 2010 at 12:03 pm
The no-nose factor is a very interesting development of modern anime. Maybe something I’ll want to get into later.
Feel free to find a mirror and see if you can make the face. All the cool kids are doing it.
August 31, 2010 at 12:24 am
Manga and Anime is already well-known for its “big eyes” character style that is unrealistic, but important for the emotion the large eyes can impart. I think that the exaggerated facial expressions help simplify the ability for the audience to determine the emotion a character is feeling. I assume this is important because an unintentionally hard to read facial expression could ruin what the work is trying to do.
I feel it’s also a degree of freedom to be able to draw a face that expresses an emotion people may have, but lacks a realistic facial expression. It’s like trying to put a feeling into words, but instead of that (which can be difficult), put that feeling into illustration without the limitations of reality.
September 1, 2010 at 8:13 am
I once read somewhere that this was exactly the effect Osamu Tezuka was going for when he developed the modern manga style. It’s easy to reproduce and puts a premium on expressiveness.
So what you’re saying is true! It’s just weird to see how that process gets realized.
August 31, 2010 at 4:07 am
That just blew my mind.
September 1, 2010 at 8:13 am
That’s what I live for.
Cheers.
August 31, 2010 at 4:22 am
That specific facial expression seems to be used often to exaggerate, but strangely, it also depends on the context it’s in.
Sometimes, it’s a force smile, sometimes, it’s a show of embarrassment, and sometimes, it’s a show of confidence.
I really can’t put a finger on it myself, but I think it’s safe to say that this sort of “universal expression” is only used in anime, and this particular expression can be used differently, and have different meanings totally dependent on the context.
(Like, I have no idea what’s going on in the second image…)
What I find interesting is the parallel concept with other comic symbolism that’s universal. Sweat drops coming off of a character’s head, or stars used to indicate an infliction of pain. Eyes popping out of heads in physically impossible manners. Nobody really taught us what these symbolize, but we somehow know through cultural and social indoctrination that just so happens to be universal.
September 1, 2010 at 8:14 am
In the second image, she’s talking about how cool it would be if a certain urban legend were true. So it still fits.
Maybe nobody taught us explicitly, but I think most of us still had to deal with a learning curve. Consider how people still find the concept of the nosebleed or the chibi-form rather odd.
Mainichi AnimeYume has an interesting article about exposing children to anime for the first time, and what they “get” versus what they don’t: http://animeyume.com/blog/2010/06/21/how-understandable-is-anime-iconography/
Thanks for reading!
September 4, 2010 at 6:43 am
Actually, that’s interesting… when I first watched anime, a lot of the weirder actions (like collapsing head over heels when something awkward happens) was hard to understand. But I learned based on context. I think that all comical “universal” symbolic actions are like that. I mean, there’s not really a guide anywhere that you pick up at school. You just literally watch and learn based on context.
Thanks for replying!
August 31, 2010 at 11:39 am
What I love about these (somewhat) ambiguous facial cues is that, while we may not be able to tell exactly what’s going on in a character’s head through their expression, we have a baseline to work from because of how well their faces show their motivation (and I feel like this is something unique to anime/manga). In all of the cases you’ve shown, it feels clear that the characters are well-intentioned through both their behaviour and the looks on their faces. I wonder if, working from there, people project what they believe the characters are feeling onto them. These faces all look like determination to me (except in Saten’s case, which looks more like concentration in my eyes) – and many other commenters, it seems – but I’m curious as to how universal this is. In addition to this, I know the personalities of all the above characters well; if I didn’t, would I still believe the same emotions were being demonstrated?
September 1, 2010 at 8:16 am
Absolutely. Since we’re talking about “reading” facial expressions, it’s not such a stretch to apply reader-response theory and say that we put ourselves into whatever we see.
Hmmm… Research on how well/how uniformly western fans interpret ambiguous manga expressions? Now there’s an idea with potential.
September 1, 2010 at 1:22 am
Haha, interesting take on the moe blob face. It’s certainly unnatural; I tried doing the face, and it made me look a cross between a child and a diabolical rapist (a very ironic combination, might I add). Not good.
As for markers of emotional complexity: I really don’t know. I just regard moe blob faces as moe blob faces–nothing more. XD
And great story about explaining to the teacher what you meant by “Thanks, mom.” I was entertained.
September 1, 2010 at 8:24 am
But what does that mean, moe-blob? If we take that at face value, then this strange and unreal expression has some kind of moe factor to it. So what is said moe factor?
No idea. But I think it’s worth thinking about.
I’m glad you liked the story. I paid for it with lots of embarrassment and bad Japanese.
September 1, 2010 at 2:23 am
Re: “But is it possible that now we’re even trained to empathize with expressions that don’t exist on real human beings?”
Your previous commenters have given ample explanation of the “seriousmile” face, which I’ve noticed a lot more of late than in earlier 80s or 90s anime.
Perhaps one reason for the rise in more subtle facial expressions that convey a combination of emotions is the abundant use of emoticons in our textual communication. It took me a long while to get used to inserting smiley faces into my text, but it comes naturally to a whole generation of texters and IMers. We feel a constant need to append or preface what we say textually with an emotion, such that a smile is in danger of becoming banal. Hence the need for animators and artist to find ever more nuanced facial expressions, some of which the human face cannot mimic physiologically.
September 1, 2010 at 10:29 am
That’s quite a hypothesis.
I think there might be something to it. The Japanese have a huge, HUGE texting culture about a decade older than the west’s.
Welcome!
Hope you don’t mind my smilies.
September 1, 2010 at 1:39 pm
This is interesting! But seriously, I don’t think I can furrow my eyebrows and keep my eyes wide open at the same time
Strange enough, only girls and probably kids can do this serious smile in anime.
September 2, 2010 at 11:18 am
Well, I think I’ve seen a few boy characters do it. But you’re right in that it takes a certain… spunk.
Thanks for reading!
September 1, 2010 at 8:52 pm
I always wonder if these sort of facial expressions are art imitating life, or life imitating art… or perhaps some strange sort of positive feedback loop.
I mean, you might describe someone with Minorin’s personality quirks as rather “animated”, for example (although the root of that description does differ…).
September 2, 2010 at 11:20 am
Feedback loop might be the best way of thinking about it. No doubt these characters just wouldn’t be the same without this impossible face.
September 2, 2010 at 9:24 am
Look at those images again and try to envision a piece of paper with JUST the facial expression drawn on it. They all fall under the “evil smile” category regardless of how “open” the eyes are; it’s just harder to realize this, particularly with the bottom two images, because of distractions that exist within the context of the image (like doujingirl’s hands being cupped around her cheeks).
I think you’re just slightly off the ball here, because the serious-smile is only a serious-smile when an evil-smile is used in an unusual context. I think this is one of those dealios that we’re accustomed to as animu fans, but it would take folks who haven’t been exposed to it a little getting used to. Japan has been exposed to this face in this context since before Goldenboy; the expression would never have worked (and probably still don’t work) with American cartoons.
September 2, 2010 at 11:22 am
Mmhmm, right. My point is that this face isn’t universal, that it’s very specific to manga. And somehow, as fans of manga, we jumped right over the learning curve without even realizing that this face is actually rather strange.
September 3, 2010 at 11:45 pm
oic~ Forget what I said then, we’re on the same wavelength.
September 6, 2010 at 10:41 pm
I always read it as a determined grin, but I guess it’s not quite that, huh.
February 12, 2011 at 4:39 am
[...] more in the “Oh God That Face!” series, see Oh God That Face! Explorations of “Seriousmile” Moe, and its unofficial sequel, Negative Spaces of Cute: Observations of Emergent Mouth Moe. I guess [...]