No doubt some of my readers were around in the early 90s, those Wild West days when the anime available in English boiled down to “naked girls and ultraviolence on VHS.” But believe it or not, discussion of moe existed then too! It was just in a much smaller circle, restricted to academics and the Usenet crowd talking about a foreign culture. Not to mention that moe itself was a very different concept.
(NOTE: The earliest ref I could find to the word “moe” was 2003 on Usenet [incidental use, meaning it may have come earlier in a now-lost source], 2004 in print [in an article dedicated to moe-- definitely not the first-ever mention, but the earliest Google Books can find]. Pre-2000 discussion of the moe concept appears to use words like “kawaii” instead, or just plain English. This may be a case of bad memory. But the search continues! Thanks to bikasuishin for the help. - 2DT, 26 March 2011)
Moe back then, like today, was hard to pin down, but the best examples to pull out in those days were Ghibli heroines like Nausicaa or Sheeta from Laputa. In their bravery and struggle to do good, and in their simple, pure-hearted personalities did the mysteries of moe emerge.
Obviously, that isn’t how we see things today, but I don’t think that old moe necessarily died. New moe just works differently, and maybe more effectively for popularity’s sake, because it’s a heady equation of emotional attachment created by sums of attractive parts. Hime-cut moe + scaredy-cat moe + striped panties moe + embarrassment moe = Akiyama Mio, or what-have-you.
This is the reigning state of affairs in post-digital fandom. It’s effectively the only state of affairs in western fandom, since we began to partake in Japan’s real-time otaku culture (as opposed to waiting through the import cycle) just as new moe was reaching its zenith. There was nothing for new moe to replace, so it slid right into our subculture as-is.
That brings us now, finally, to the enigma of Nakano Azusa, aka “Azunyan.”

I was originally going to call this entry "The Amazing Adventures of Boring Girl," but that seemed too mean. Plus, you know: pot, kettle, black.
After watching episode 27 of K-ON!!, I finally understand the appeal behind her character. Azusa’s polite, conscientious, studies hard and does her best at club activities. Most of her interactions with the cast consist of trying to get them to do things properly (usually failing and getting caught up in it despite her best intentions, but still). If there’s a Yamato Nadeshiko for children, she’s it: The quintessential Japanese “good kid.”
In other words, I believe she taps into a vein of old moe.
Now westerners like Azusa too, but not quite in the same way. I believe it’s because Japanese fans are drawn to the old moe-ness of Azusa’s character in a way that western fans aren’t. Not to say we’re blind to it, but I will say that we’re not nearly attuned to it as we are to new moe. We like the little tan twin-tailed girl who gets forced to put on cat ears and drink out of a pink kitty cup. That’s how we’ve been trained.
Of course, it would be silly to deny that Japanese fans interact with Azusa on this level as well. Even her nickname, “Azunyan,” is a reminder of her new-moe appeal. But in my time here, whenever I’ve had a conversation about K-ON! with perfectly normal, non-otaku Japanese, 9 times out of 10 they would say Azunyan was their favorite. I wouldn’t assume the same results in the west.
Why? What could it mean? The above is my best guess.




March 24, 2011 at 9:12 am
I can dig it.
I’m not big on Azu-nyan, she’s my least favorite among the HTT, and I even favor Ui over her. That’s not to say that I’m not a fan — I wouldn’t be as happy with K-On!! if I weren’t.
But I realize that I like her for this Kiki’s Deliver Service thing you mention even though the comparison wouldn’t be the first thing that comes to mind (I’m a big fan of Kiki’s Delivery Service).
March 24, 2011 at 9:19 am
I wasn’t so much a fan of her myself… until I realized that all the students I have who are like her, I love!
Such a sweet, good child. I understand her classic moe pull.
March 24, 2011 at 2:18 pm
That’s sounding quite dangerous, sensei.
March 24, 2011 at 9:15 am
So old moe were those horrendously dull Miyazaki heroines? Heh, it’s nice to know I dislike old moe just as much as I dislike new moe
March 24, 2011 at 9:22 am
Well, I won’t argue that point too much.
I’m not usually a fan of Ghibli as-is. But the prototypical Ghibli girl is definitely something different, compared to the usual spectrum of characters we encounter as fans.
I’m almost, ALMOST tempted to point to digitization itself for the development of new moe. But I’ll have to let that percolate in my head a bit longer. Anyway, thanks for reading!
March 29, 2011 at 12:32 am
“percolate”
GAHHHHH
How are the Miyazaki Heroines “horrendously” dull? They might be boring, perhaps a bit “dull,” but not horrendously dull. At least by comparison; you know, a second season of Seitokai no Ichizon’s coming out.
March 24, 2011 at 10:09 am
I’m actually a fan of Azusa, she’s my second favorite character in K-ON (Mio first, Ui third). This is coming from only finishing the first 12 episodes of the series though. I liked her because I saw her as very similar to Mio, with less of the (modern) moe effects.
Maybe I haven’t seen enough of the series yet, but I always thought of Mio as the one in the group trying to be “responsible” before Azusa’s arrival, which makes me see why Azusa sort of looks up to her.
Still this is only based off about 45% of the series. I can’t wait to get around to the rest! For some reason though I’m thinking the second season isn’t going to be that much different from the first, but more of the same would be just fine with me.
March 26, 2011 at 1:24 pm
The second season is twice as long as the first, so you’re in for a long ride. But it’s a good one.
March 24, 2011 at 10:49 am
Old moe > New moe for me.
The old moe girls had a childish innocence and a charming aura to them. I suppose we have Miyazaki to credit for that, but as Scamp said, almost all Miyazaki female leads are carbon copies of the other. But considering them as a whole, as a “Miyazaki moe girl”, they were very adorable and would triumph over the spoilt K-ON brats.
The Ghibli films had such down to earth and pleasant girls who were bustling with energy and were curious little things. This may because of the age of these films, but then what age group are the current “moe shows” targetted at? If I had kids, I would rather have them watch the simple and content Miyazaki moe girls than ones who pandered about school in the name of a club.
My opinion (is almost always) biased against K-ON. I just don’t like that show being the poster boy/girl of the industry. So, yeah, arguing with me about this show is kind of pointless.
Great post by the way
Sparked my thoughts. I’m planning on making a post on moe soon, and I’ll be sure to mention this somewhere.
(This entire comment was based off my understanding of this article. If something sounded off or strange, blame it on my misinterpreation of this article.)
March 26, 2011 at 1:26 pm
You know, I never thought about that. Even if K-ON isn’t the horrible sexualized trash that the worst critics say it is, would I really want my kid learning from these girls and using them as role models? Hmmm… maybe not, huh?
For better or worse, though, it is one of the most popular shows of the moment, both inside and outside of otaku circles. So it tapped into something, no doubt.
March 24, 2011 at 1:32 pm
…you’re right! Azusa IS quite boring! (yea-up, pot. kettle. black =P)
I do prefer her to Mio though.
March 26, 2011 at 1:28 pm
You know, Mio kind of bugs me now. I think it’s Hikasa Yoko’s voice work. She’s too… oh what’s the word? Earnest, kind of like Miyuki Sawashiro’s Celty in DRRR!, forcing out every syllable.
But I’ve grown to like Azusa, at least.
Thanks for reading!
March 24, 2011 at 3:39 pm
I don’t really like azusa.
March 26, 2011 at 1:25 am
*glances at avatar*
March 26, 2011 at 5:33 am
I know, right?
March 26, 2011 at 1:32 pm
Kind of a “fashionable irony” thing, then?
March 24, 2011 at 6:28 pm
That’s pretty much why I don’t like Azusa beyond rape doujin and fanart. She is majime sugiru.
Yui is the best, beats the rest.
March 26, 2011 at 1:36 pm
Yes, that’s the impression that turned me off initially. But I kind of get it now. It’s like the classic thawing of a tsundere; there’s some pleasure in seeing the lady protest.
Speaking of doujin, I could swear there’s at least one where Azusa’s asked to “suck dick properly.” That phrase in Japanese, with its schooltime associations (shikkari shi-nasai, chanto shi-nasai), is just so, so wrong… But I read it, so.
March 27, 2011 at 2:16 pm
2DTさんもやばい事を言うな~
March 24, 2011 at 6:46 pm
When I watched episode 27 of K-ON!!, I kept in mind what you said on Twitter about understanding Azusa better after watching it. I did see what you mean about viewers being drawn to her because she’s the most “normal” of the group and less blatantly screaming “new-moe” in her personality.
But I also find her less “genki” than old moe characters like the aforementioned Ghibli heroines and girls like Sakura (CCS) and Sasami (Tenchi). I would almost call her a straight-man, but she’s not completely like that either. So yeah, she’s certainly appealing because she’s not as obviously moe as others (probably why non-otaku like her) but she has special traits of old-school heroines that otaku find refreshing.
March 26, 2011 at 1:38 pm
Wanderer’s comment below about boke/tsukkomi is enlightening. She does tend to be a broken record of “you’re doing it wrong.”
March 24, 2011 at 7:09 pm
You know what’s funny? I WANT to talk about Azusa, but I find myself wanting to nitpick about Nausicaa.
From where I sit, Nausicaa steps quickly outside of the bounds of your description of Old Moe within the second volume of the manga. Her seething rage and and aggression put her in stark contrast to Kiki.
Now, with that out of the way, are we sure Azusa isn’t constructed as an attempt to appropriate the ideas you’ve put forward. Everyone in K-On!(!) is a CHARACTER from the batty teacher to the mindless oujo-sama each one fits into a defined role with gusto and acceptance (that was basically the theme of Ritsu’s “I don’t want to play drums!” episode), but Azunyan finds herself continually railroaded into becoming a flake or a fun-loving girl despite her supposed role as “responsible one”.
One could argue that Azusa’s TRUE purpose is to demonstrate that underneath the ultra-specialization of new moe lies a recognizable nugget of an older affection. OR a more mercenary interpretation: All good girls are blank canvases onto which moe can be painted.
That last one is kinda scary, ESPECIALLY if you believe that some otaku have trouble discerning 2d from 3d (although most would argue that they don’t?).
March 26, 2011 at 1:43 pm
The manga goes quite a bit further, I agree. But in that case I’d say how a fandom receives the character means as much as what the character actually does. Does that make sense?
And on a related note, I don’t think Azusa was built in a lab with these nefarious intentions.
It just happens to be how she came out, I think– the mangaka wanted a serious underclassman and made her, and Azunyan evolved over time.
March 24, 2011 at 9:15 pm
Oh, hey, Kiki!
That’s really all I have to say. I don’t get into the moe discussions.
March 26, 2011 at 1:44 pm
That’s fine.
Thank you for reading anyway!
March 24, 2011 at 10:27 pm
I’m actually sort of with Wah on this one. When K-On was airing I didn’t think too much of Azusa. After when all the doujins poured in was when I started enjoying her more.
Ritsu is actually my favorite character. Followed closely by Yui. Their particular dynamic is some of my favorite parts of the show. It’s like double boke.
March 26, 2011 at 1:46 pm
I agree, Ritsu and Yui are an interesting pair. At least at the start of things, they seemed to me like “people who are friends just because they travel the same circles.” But they really came into their own!
March 24, 2011 at 11:49 pm
>We like the little tan twin-tailed girl who gets forced to put on cat ears and drink out of a pink kitty cup.
BRB FINDING PORN OF THIS
I do like Azusa, though. Makes me wish I could be Yui, so I could be scolded by her. ;.;
March 26, 2011 at 1:48 pm
Porn? Maybe she doesn’t necessarily do ALL those things at once, but I pretty much just described her default.
March 25, 2011 at 12:44 am
>The Riddle of the Azunyan: What is good in life?
“To crush your enemies…to see them driven before you and to hear the lamentation of the women!”
In some ways, it’s strange how well that describes the appeal of Azusa. Always her resistance is crushed and she is railroaded into things. Her lamentations have subsided somewhat as she has become attached to her senpai though.
If I had to define it, I would say her (new?) moe point is that she’s the good girl led astray, the one you want to protect from the “bad” girls. In many ways, she was the tsundere of the show (which I guess explains the azunyan rape/lesbian bottom fetishes).
Similarly, you have Mugi whom you want to protect from her ignorance of/enthusiasm for “normal” things. Mio whom you want to protect from her fears. Ritsu whom you want to protect from her forgetfulness. Yui whom you want to protect from her own flights of fancy and indecisiveness.
I do think you have to track back further than the 90s to get past new moe entirely. Shows like Tenchi Muyo!, El Hazard and Ranma 1/2 had the same array of personalities that we often see today, but in the early 90s. I feel like Miyazaki is more of a stalwart of the style of the 80s than the 90s.
March 26, 2011 at 1:49 pm
Ding ding, we have a winner.
I like the way you think.
Protection is an interesting concept. I feel like that’s an essential part of the way we understand moe today, but was it always? I honestly have no idea.
March 25, 2011 at 8:51 am
As I try to remember every episode of K-on!… I found out that Azusa was simply the girl who prioritize practice but gets carried by the wave of the group…
She was pretty normal but rather an interesting one… But really, I am not a fan of hers… I prefer Ui and Mio, Mugi is also fine with me.
March 26, 2011 at 2:02 pm
I find Ui fans quite strange and fascinating.
March 25, 2011 at 10:34 am
I think Japanese people, epecially the adults, are quite a conservative bunch. So it makes sense they relate to Azusa a lot more. Both Azusa and the common Japanese man needs to be pushed(the former by Yui, the latter by a drink) so they would loosen up.
By the way, what is your feedback on HTT’s English skills?
March 26, 2011 at 2:07 pm
Mmm… Grammatically, it was basic middle school level. Kids should know how to construct “Where is [a] delicious cake shop?” “Where['s] my hotel?” and “Water please” by the later half of their first year. However, vocabulary like “shop” and “hotel” they might not actively study until the beginning of their second year. All of which is to say that as graduating high school students they ought to be ashamed!
March 25, 2011 at 5:14 pm
My problem with Azusa is that she was a Mio clone. Before Azusa showed up, Mio was the majime good girl who kept getting roped into things. *And* she was the most popular. During season 2, Mio was neglected in favor of Azusa. I think that damn turtle got more attention than Mio. By the end, Azusa had replaced her so fully that Mio got a grand total of like 2 moe moments in all of 26 episodes, and her popularity had plummeted to the bottom of HTT. Meanwhile, Azusa won Japan SaiMoe 2010.
The biggest difference? Mio was under the influence of Ritsu’s boke, while Azusa was under the influence of Yui’s.
And just my opinion on Azusa’s character arc-type: She’s not so much a Tsun>Dere as she’s a Tsukkomi>Boke. GAWD K-On was FULL of boke.
March 26, 2011 at 2:15 pm
Hey man, don’t diss Ton-chan. Did you see that animation in episode 27? Good god, what gorgeously smooth tank swimming!
But that’s a fantastic observation about Yui’s boke-influence. I honestly never thought of that before. Brilliant!
Another difference: Mio’s tsukkomi was tied up to her other moe traits, like shyness. Azusa is like pure tsukkomi.
March 25, 2011 at 6:08 pm
Azunyan! <3 much love for that character! She actually pushes to play music, while everyone else gets high and eats cake lol.
March 26, 2011 at 1:58 pm
I like her too, but it was definitely a kind of acquired taste.
March 26, 2011 at 1:35 am
I’m not too big on early anime, so I really can’t say too much on this matter. To be fair though, this might be a case of projecting what we know at the present back onto the past. At the very least, I have a tough time accepting the use of the word “moe” in relation to what characters like Kiki represent. For me at least, the word “moe” has specific connotations, and these connotations can’t exist without at least considering Evangelion.
March 26, 2011 at 1:56 pm
Moe has specific connotations now, yes, but I think it was all rather nebulous when the term was first being bandied about. I want to say that there might have been more pretense of nobility back then, which characterizes old moe… But that’s definitely a case of applying the present day to my rose-colored view of the past.
March 26, 2011 at 1:24 pm
Well-researched and well-written as always. Hmm…where to start?
I honestly don’t know whether there’s an east/west divide because of the historical chronology you outline here, simply because I don’t know whether my POV or personal experience is representative or not! You make a convincing argument for it though.
The old/new moe idea is shaky ground in many situations since the term still seems nebulous in my fans’ eyes (i.e. they argue and split hairs endlessly!). You’ve done your homework here and you’re going on the back of solid theories so no problems there. Good job I reckon!
The current consensus of what moe ‘is’ seems to be that list of ‘archetype components’: shyness, clumsiness and/or forgetfulness etc. in various combinations packaged in a ‘cute’ character design…which gives weight to the checkbox ‘database’ theory that’s currently in fashion (the book in question is on my to-buy list…I’ll keep you posted). In other words, ‘new moe’ to me is one or more distinct features and tropes while ‘old moe’ is more of a…sum? of character traits appreciated as a whole. Or it’s simply a case of what we currently refer to as ‘moe’ being something that’s always been there, but goes by a different name. In which case I think I’m still agreeing with you, I hope!
My experience doesn’t go as far back as the pre-digital fandom, but I was watching Ghibli and pre-2004 anime before getting into fansubs so perhaps I do *just* fall into that category. Looks like Haruhi Suzumiya forms a fandom watermark of sorts, but I digress.
In regards to Azusa I do cite her as my favourite character from the show, perhaps equal to Mio. Is this because my ‘gateway anime’ was the pre-2004 Ghibli and DVD fare and therefore I wasn’t “trained” like the newer generation of fans? A very good question, but I really don’t know!
The trouble is, I approached the show from the music geek angle. Azusa and Mio look fairly similar but between them they’re the most dedicated musicians of the group and I approve of their choices of instruments/equipment too so I can relate to them on that level. I’m sure there’s a lot of significance on the equipment front, but I’m still trying to solidify my thoughts on that.
Urgh, apologies for dumping another over-long comment on you again!
March 26, 2011 at 1:54 pm
Haruhi is definitely a pre/post gateway of our history. Which is appropriate, given who she is and what she represents.
Thanks for the compliment, but I think this was actually rather poorly researched.
I’m running on the fumes of memory more than anything. And now that you’ve got me thinking about it, I wonder if the old/new distinction even exists the way I imagine it, or if “new moe” is just an ultra-purified expression of the mysteries of moe in its original form. Ahh, what difficult imaginary problems we build for ourselves.
Thanks for reading! And writing, in this case.
Otsukare-sama.
March 27, 2011 at 1:48 am
[...] 2-DT talked about “old moe” aspects in a recent post, which reminded me a lot of Kuroneko. When you peel away her fandom, her character does fit the “hard-working”, “pure-hearted” aspects that were seen in older anime. She simply covers them with Maschera to balance her lack of social standing as to stand out from the rest of society. [...]
March 28, 2011 at 8:42 pm
In terms of the earliest usage of ‘moe’ we have – “In the 1990s, the word appeared on the bulletin board website 2channel in discussion of young, cute and innocent anime girls, and a burning passion for them.”
I don’t know if discussing ‘old moe’ vs. ‘new moe’ makes much sense without pinning down exactly what “moe” is.
Without any clear understanding of what these things might mean it can just end up as a discussion of what character types are popular now vs. then, without any need to discuss ‘moe’ at all. Not that there’s anything wrong with that, in fact there’s a lot of interesting ideas touched upon in your post (old vs. new, east vs. west, character construction and popularity etc.)
In terms of ‘moe’ itself, the best definition I’ve seen comes from Galbraith’s paper one the subject of moe. He writes: “…[T]he word moe indicates a response to fantasy characters, not a specific style, character type or relational pattern. While some things are more likely than others to inspire moe, this paper will focus mainly on the response itself rather than the forms that inspire it. Moe is primarily based on two-dimensional images, but can also include objects that index fantasy or even people reduced to ‘moe characters’ and approached as fantasy”.
Jeff on Colony Drop also used a similar definition: “Moé, lit. “sprouting,” is a loanword from Japanese fandom, generally used to refer to characters or aspects of characters that elicit feelings of sympathy or adoration, such as personality or physical appearance, as well as related aesthetic styles. It is possible, for instance, to have a “cat ears moé,” or a “robot maid wearing thigh-high stockings reciting pi to thirty-six thousand decimal places moé,” but that sort of moé is not our focus.”
Both these definitions work because they focus on what the images illicit in the viewer, rather than any specific style or work or genre, which is where most other definitions fall down.
Right at the end of Jeff’s definition he brings up “…related aesthetic styles…cat-ears moe” and Martin in your comments earlier mentioned Hiroki Azuma’s ‘Database Theory’.
Azuma is a scholar with a number of theories (which can be found in his book ‘Otaku) but the one he’s most famous for is his ‘Database theory’. To put it roughly, Otaku are so post-modern they don’t even need to consume whole characters and stories any-more, they just want to experience particularly elements ,combined and arranged for their pleasure without the need for any kind of ‘grand narrative’. For example, the clumsy girl in a maid outfit with glasses and cat-eats.
The idea being that all of these basic concepts are pulled from the ‘database’ individually – clumsy girl, maid outfit, glasses, cat-ears – and then combined to make a character that will be pleasing to certain otaku. In other words, you can take a collection of these ‘moe building blocks’ and be certain that you character will resonate with a certain otaku group.
April 6, 2011 at 2:03 pm
Hi Jack! Sorry you had to leave a comment while I was away on vacation.
Azuma’s database theory is my main basis for what I see as new moe. I’m glad you caught the reference. But I don’t believe one needs to define “moe” first, because I think the old and the new are actually different feelings altogether. Does that make more sense?
Thanks for reading, and welcome!
April 4, 2011 at 5:11 pm
I still don’t understand what moe means, is there any concrete definition?
April 6, 2011 at 2:04 pm
Frankly, no.
We’re in the realm of slang here, so any definition I give you won’t be quite the same as what someone else believes moe is. But in general, think of it as a kind of affection for characters.
August 14, 2011 at 5:06 am
[...] as a natural part of the piece.Probably not what you were asking, but whatev’2DT has a post on this. It’s somewhat reassuring to know that I hate the old form of moeblobs (the horrendously [...]